The physical nature of sound results from the compression and rarefaction of pressure waves and moving molecules, but the sensations that humans actually experience are the product of complex mechnical, electrical, and psychological interactions in the ear and central nervous system. Studies of the ear and the diseases that they have are called or known as " Otology ", Which comes from the Greek word o'tos, meaning ear. Principles applied to all operations on the ear and temporal bone include the necessity for maintaining aseptic techniques, Microscopes, The development of improved instrumentation, and the use of preoperative sedation, anesthesia, and antibiotic therapy. The success of this type of procedure and the restoration of useful hearing is attributed to new concepts and techniques, The types of approaches to gain access to the temporal region, and the improvements in the design and materials used in implantable prosthetic devices. The better understanding of the anatomy and physiology of the ear has allowed the surgeon to perform reconstructive surgeries to improve the patients hearing and equilibrium and to have greater control of diseases in the middle ear and mastoid.

Procedures to correct conductive hearing loss resulting from conductive apparatus abnormities may include a stapedectomy and partial or total ossicular replacement surgery. Surgical Treatment for sensorineural hearing loss, or meniere's disease, can be offered to patients suffering from intolerable tinnitus or the disabling effects of vertigo. Cochlear implants and implantable hearing aids havebrought new hope for def patients. New monitoring techniques have proved to bebenficial in the preservation of the facial nerve by minimizing trauma during reconstructive surgery. New diagnostic devices and techniques have given us the resources to identify the anatomic areas that may present a surgical challenge and to plan the best approach to the target tissue. This same methodology will help patients to better understand their diseases. This technology will also give the surgeon the ability to see the best approach of the surgery before he or she begins to operate.